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Nineteenth and twentieth century migrant and immigrant women : a search for common ground
Kristine Leach
This study considers the question of whether immigrant women in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries had similarities in their experiences as immigrants to the United States. Two time periods were examined : the years between 1815 and the Civil War and the years since 1965 . As often as was possible, first- person accounts of immigrant women were used. For the nineteenth century women, these consisted of published letters and diaries and an occasional autobiography. For the contemporary women, published accounts and interviews were used. Twenty- six women from sixteen different countries were interviewed by the author. The interviewees were from a broad spectrum of educational, socioeconomic, and religious backgrounds. The first chapter discusses reasons for emigration, the difficulties of leaving one's home, and the problems of the journey.
The second chapter considers some of the problems of adjusting to a new environment, such as adapting to new kinds of food and housing, feelings of isolation, separation from family and friends, language problems, and prejudice. The third chapter deals with family issues. It examines how living in a culture with new freedoms and opportunities affected relationships with husbands and children. Many immigrant women, either by choice or necessity, worked outside the home for the first time after immigrating, which changed a woman's role within the family. This chapter also looks at the difficulty of watching one's children grow up in a culture with different expectations and standards of behavior. The conclusion drawn from this study is that many women who have immigrated to the United States, even those from very different times and situations, have had a surprising number of experiences and emotions in common as part of their immigrant experience
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Mount Shasta : a regional history
Berenice Lamson
The purpose of this study was to evaluate a period in the history of the region surrounding Mount Shasta, a sentinel on the surface of the earth and in the minds of ancient as well as modern man. The study presents the area's geologic history, its pre-history and discovery by the white man in order to provide the reader with an understanding of the later exploration and early settlement of the region. The emergence of the U.S. Forest Service and the creation of Shasta Forest as well as the evolution of Federal regulatory policy and control is presented along with a discussion of the area's transition and recent wilderness legislation. It is the writer's hope that this information might be utilized by others who are concerned with the preservation of the Shasta Peak Wilderness Area.
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Railroads in Tuolumne County, California : their role and importance to specific industries and their impact on county economic development, 1897-1917
Kyle K. Wyatt
During most of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth numerous railroads were built throughout America. Some. grew into gigantic systems with names we recognize today; Southern Pacific, Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, Chesapeake & Ohio. Others faded into oblivion. But all, successful or not, were built to fill transportation needs.
In Tuolumne County, California, located along the Mother. Lode and stretching into the high Sierra Nevada, the first railroad reached the county in 1897. By World War I a number of rail lines had been built. Several, having served their purpose, had already been removed by that time. They played varying roles in the different industries of the county; mining and minerals, lumber, hydroelectric power and agriculture, as well as passenger service.
After the war many things changed. Automobiles and trucks successfully competed for some traffic. Mining suffered as labor costs increased while gold held at a price fixed by the government. Dams built by public agencies dwarfed the earlier projects of private industry. And, outside capitalists acquired control of companies that had formerly been locally owned and managed. The transportation picture changed dramatically from what: it had been before the war.
The purpose of this paper is to study those early years of the twentieth century in Tuolumne County. What were the needs for railroads in different: industries and enterprises in the county between 1897 and 1917; and what was their importance to those industries? And finally what was the impact of railroads on the economic development of Tuolumne County as a whole?
By focusing on an area with a relatively self-contained railroad network it is hoped that influences in the economy will be more apparent. Trends identified here should find application in other areas. It is also hoped that topics for future research will be suggested and that methods and resources for that research will be suggested.
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AMERICAN PUBLIC OPINION AND THE JAPANESE QUESTION 1904-1934
Phoebe O'Connor White
In my study of the subject “American Public Opinion and the Japanese Question,” I have taken the period from 1904 to 1974 because it represents a period in the relations between the two nations which will probably be of lasting consequence to both. During this period many questions of international importance have arisen, and the reflection of American public opinion on these events is well worth studying.
In this study of American public opinion I have not attempted to build a case either for or against Japan in the many controversies which have arisen between the two nations. The changes and causes which have brought about these differences of opinion have been discussed only briefly without attempt at critical comment. I have tried so far as possible to confine this study to the intangible but important subject of public opinion.
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The politics of John Muir
Dorothy M. Freeman
A man does not always see himself as others see him. John Muir is venerated by several generations of Americans as a man who left a legacy of State and National Parks, State and National Forests, outdoor beauty and untouched wilderness areas which would never have survived has it not been for this dedicated man.
He did not plan such a course. He did what he found necessary to be done, without thought of personal gain or public honor.
However, during his lifetime there were those who did not view him with such veneration. Countless ranchers, lumberman and politicians must have considered him a formidable foe. The purpose of this paper is to show how involved he was politically. He really became quite an adept politician, although the whole idea would have been extremely distasteful to him if he had heard himself designated as such.
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The historical background of the American Indian in Round Valley, California
Larry McLeitch
This thesis is an examination of the reaction of a human population to a new and disturbing environment. It deals with the disintegration of the aboriginal Indian culture of northern Mendocino County under the influence of American settlers and military personnel. As such it is concerned with the factors and responses inherent in, and resulting from the interaction of two civilizations, the one old and static, the other ew and dynamic.
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American career of James Connolly
Kara P. Brewer
So badly wounded that he had to be propped up in a chair to face the firing squad, James Connolly was executed by the British on May 10, 1916 in Dublin's infamous Kilmainham Jail. He had been one of the leaders of the abortive Easter 'Rising against English control of Ireland. This event in itself was sufficient to guarantee him a significant place in Irish history but Connolly had achieved prominence in other activities as well. Besides being a revolutionary nationalist he had been a Marxist and a labor leader, had founded the Irish Socialist Republican Party and had played a major role in the general strike in Dublin from August, 1913 through March, 1914. Altogether, it is not surprising that all the biographies of Connolly have concentrated on his role in Irish history and that little if any attention has been given to his significance in the history of American radicalism.
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The war on words : the Office of Censorship in World War II
Alvin William McDaniel Jr.
The purpose of this paper is to report on the results of research of the United States Office of Censorship from the birth of that office in 1941 to its timely death in 1945.
Jim Heath, in his article, “Domestic America during World War II: Research Opportunities for Historians,” provided the impetus for the research that has resulted in this paper. Professor Heath states that most histories of World War II have relegated the American domestic scene to a secondary place in the process of reporting on the more exciting diplomatic and military aspects of the period. He suggests that historians analyze the various published histories of the many short-lived bureaucratic offices necessitated by the contingencies of World War II. One of these offices was the U.S. Office of Censorship.
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The origin and implementation of the Truman doctrine
Charles Edward Leach
The purpose of this paper is to examine the background of the rift between the Soviet and Western allies by selecting several of the more critical points of controvercy involved with the formulation of the Truman Doctrine.
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An examination of the attitudes and policies of Andrew Jackson concerning the American Indian
Harlan Hugh Hague
This study will focus on the development of Andrew Jackson's attitude toward the American Indian and the effect of these attitudes on the shaping of official United states policy toward the Indians.
Jackson was born and raised on the frontier. There his prejudices were acquired and his personality was formed. Chapter I deals with Jackson's early life as a young frontiersman, politician and Indian-fighter. His championing of the rights of the westerner, his attitudes toward the Indian and his love for the martial spirit led him into the Tennessee militia and the United States Army during the Indian wars. The military period of Jackson's life also is covered in Chapter I.
Chapter II discusses the problems arising from the contact between the American colonist and the Indian as the white frontier pressed against and into Indian land. Jackson agreed with the general political justification for expansion: that the frontier must be advanced to provide security for settlements and farms. The average frontiersman would add that expansion also brought land into the hands of those who were meant to use it. Though acquisition of additional land was usually a result rather than a cause of war, few would deny that getting it by conquest was more desirable than buying it.
With the cry for removal reaching a crescendo, the advocates found their champion in Andrew Jackson. He would implement the final solution to the Indian problem. Chapter III deals with the Indian removal policy and with Jackson's administration of removals, the dominant Indian feature of his presidency. The policy is described in detail, and the various attempts to justify it are considered.
An important part of the removal story involves the relationship between the federal government and the states, the subject of Chapter IV. Jackson believed in the basic rights of states and had no desire to increase the power of the national government at their expense. In the controversy over Indian lands, he felt that the states had jurisdiction. This attitude the stage for this refusal to come to the aid of the Indians, in spite of treaty obligations to them. Chapter IV also covers the reaction to the removal policy by the public and by the Indians.
Jackson's tendency to contradict himself is much in evidence in his Indian attitudes and policies. Chapter V attempts to show that he was a pragmatist. He was willing to do whatever was necessary to accomplish his ends, even if it meant completely reversing a principle that he had previously taken great pains to defend.
In Chapter VI, conclusions are drawn on the effects of Jackson's Indian attitudes on the people of his own day and on generations that followed. Finally, an attempt is made to explain why Jackson felt and acted as he did in his relationships with the Indians. This section also deals with the charge that he was a racist and that he held the Indian in contempt as an inferior human being.
Since the study is concerned primarily with Jackson's attitudes, the principal sources consulted were his letters and speeches. Published collections of Jackson's works proved especially valuable. Particularly helpful were Correspondence of Andrew Jackson, volumes I, II, and III, edited by John S. Bassett and J. F. Jameson and A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, volumes II and III, edited by James D. Richardson. To record the response to Jackson's Indian policies, contemporary newspapers were consulted, especially the New York Evening Post. Secondary sources were examined for detail and description rather than for analysis.
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A historical analysis of the nomination of Wendell Lewis Willkie for the presidency of the United States of America
Jerold David Gritz
In this rather apt description of Wendell Willkie, the 1940 Republican presidential nominee, two important characteristics of the man stand out: his personal traits and energy and his strength of conviction in fighting for the principles in which he believed. Willkie cannot be regarded a politician in the usual sense; he was a businessman who, because of his convictions, waged a personal war against Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal - a war conducted outside the realm of partisan politics. His successes in the fight with the administration brough Willkie a measure of recognition and aroused the interest of certain Republicans who held similar opinions of the New Deal; his personality and continued expression of his nomination. It is the purpose of this study to analyze the conditions which enabled Willkie to rise from comparative obscurity to become the 1940 G.O.P. standard bearer, presenting in the analysis the Republican campaigns for the nomination, the G.O.P. convention, and the influence of Roosevelt's third term decision and the European war on the selection of the party’s nominee.
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The German "Vormärz" and the youth of Carl David Weber
Ilka Stoffregen Hartmann
No biography has yet been written about the man who founded the city of Stockton, the first Californian town with an English name, a city which in 1851 was under consideration to become the state capital.
Little is known about the personal life of Charles M. Weber whom Erin G. Gudde calls "next to Sutter the most notable German pioneer during the transition period of California history".
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A survey of American songs of peace from the colonial era to the present
Walter Clippinger Simmons
This thesis will attempt to trace the evolution and historical development of American anti-war and peace songs. Researching the study has been an adventure into an unknown aspect of American history. No published account of a similar or related study was discovered. The Library of Congress has no catalogue classification for pacifist songs. The Swarthmore College Peace Collection contains perhaps the only specific collection of peace songs in the country. Nevertheless, this study can draw upon a collection of over two hundred songs gathered from public and university libraries and interested individuals across the country.
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A study into the transmission of Greek thought to early Arab civilization through Syriac and Arabic in the light of modern research
Margaret Rosalie Cuneo
The purpose of the study, based mainly on modern research, is to investigate the elements composing the transmission of Hellenic knowledge to the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates through Syriac and Arabic.
The emphasis of the study is placed upon the period of the mid-800’s when the potently intellectual and cultural achievements of the most famous Abbasid capital, Baghdad, reached an unprecedented level of activity. One scholarly accomplishment built under the patronage of the Caliph al-Ma’mun was the Bayt al-Hikmat (House of Knowledge) where Syriac and Arabic translations from Greek texts were encouraged. The record of greatest output of accurate translations at the Bayt al-Hikmat was held by Hunayn ibn Ishaq and his school which flourished during the reign of al-Mutawakkil. Both earlier and later translating bodies will be discussed, but the concentration of the thesis lies upon Hunayn ibn Ishaq and his school of Baghdadi translators.
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An appraisal of the military leadership of General Douglas MacArthur
Leonard Howard Dofflemyer
The purpose of this paper is to take a second look at the leadership of General Douglas MacAurthur since the outbreak of World War II. In order to do this, it will be necessary to review the events in the general’s career through World War II, during the occupation of Japan, and the war in Korea. This study will consider also the reasoning behind many of the decisions and movements made by General MacArthur. This will mean a study of the general’s personal qualities and dominant characteristics in order to gain insight into the behavior which influence these moves.
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The rise of European Commercial Association during the Middle Ages
Ellen Douglas Moule
The unity of Western Europe has not yet approached the political, economic and religious entity realized under the Roman Empire. Nor is it likely to duplicate such a centralized and authoritative basis of organization. It is the purpose of this paper to explore European economic association on the basis of co-operation rather than dominance. For this purpose historical cornerstones of economic co-operation and commercial endeavor will be discussed.
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Among them the individuals and groups who pursued trade not only revived the collapsed commerce known to the Roman world, but provided the framework for modern commercial and financial activity and cooperation. Their motives were, no doubt, selfish, since basic human self-interest is a commanding force. The results, however, were liberating, both socially and politically, as well as economically. Thus the Medieval commercial heritage is enjoyed not only in the lands of North and West Europe, but in the Western Hemisphere as well today. It seems singularly important in explaining political as well as economic developments of the twentieth century.
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An investigation of the Okinawan reversion movement
Louis Howard Dearing
Patrick Henry and Thomas Paine might have been better equipped to understand the Okinawan reversion movement than are most Americans today. Many Americans in Okinawa wonder why, in the light of the obvious military and economic advantages of American occupation of the Ryukyus, an over- whelming majority of the Ryukyus wish to return to Japan. The question includes, of course, a full periphery of qualifications relating to degree and schedule of withdrawal, but the fact remains that no Japanese or okinawan politician dares oppose eventual reversion.
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An Inquiry into the Causes of the Defeat of the Republican Party in California in 1958
John Andrew Walker
California has been traditionally a Republican state, yet the Republicans have been unable to regain their traditional dominance since their defeat in 1958. The 1958 election represented a fundamental shift in the nature of California politics. More than that, the defeat of the Republicans pointed up a fundamental weakness in the Republican party.
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A Historical Study of the Berlin Airlift
William Earl Dofflemyer
Many cities have experienced extended and sometimes catastrophic sieges in their history. Troy was besieged for ten years. Carthage fell to the Romans after three years of resistance. The siege of Paris by Prussia in 1970 and 1877 lasted fire-and-a-half months. The story of the blockade of Berlin, however, and the airlift created to combat this blockade, is perhaps the most curious of all such stories. The eleven-month siege was a determined attempt by Soviet Russia to starve the Berliners into surrender. The defense and the eventual victory over this attempt was provided by the miracle of the Berlin Airlift..
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