Presentation Category
Research
Introduction/Context/Diagnosis
Orthodontic tooth movement leads to remodeling of periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and gingiva. Tooth movement is characterized by bone deposition at sites of tension and bone resorption at pressure sites. Due to a sterile inflammatory process in the PDL space, a flow rate of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is increased and its composition is modified. Various cell-signaling pathways are activated, which ultimately stimulate PDL turnover. Biochemical and cellular processes associated with orthodontic tooth movement may be better understood if we study changes of specific biomarkers in GCF during orthodontic therapy. Such information can be used clinically to choose a proper mechanical loading, to improve and to shorten a period of treatment, and to avoid root resorption.
Methods/Treatment Plan
Various systematic reviews and original articles were studied and analyzed to identify the changes in GCF biomarkers and their roles during orthodontic treatment. GCF has been extensively studied due to simple, and noninvasive nature of its collection and ease of repetitive sampling from the same site with the help of platinum loops, periopaper strips (Oraflow) , gingival washings, or micropipettes. GCF is then analyzed for content of various biochemical markers.
Results/Outcome
Biomarkers of orthodontic tooth movement quantified in GCF can be classified into categories corresponding to specific biochemical pathways altered by application of orthodontic force. The main pro-inflammatory mediators released are Interleukins and tumor necrosis factor alpha, which act on tooth surfaces undergoing compression. Chemokines, proteins that are released during tooth movement are monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and CCL3, which up-regulate osteoclastic differentiation, as well as CCL5, which down-regulates bone resorption. Additional inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins (PGs) and neuropeptides, act as local and systemic factors to stimulate bone remodeling. The expression patterns of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF),RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG) by osteoblasts play key roles in tooth movement.
Significance/Conclusions
Study and knowledge of ongoing processes in periodontal tissues during orthodontic treatment can lead to a proper choice of mechanical loading, shortening of treatment, better planning and minimizing adverse consequences.
Format
Event
Biomarkers of Orthodontic Tooth Movement
Orthodontic tooth movement leads to remodeling of periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and gingiva. Tooth movement is characterized by bone deposition at sites of tension and bone resorption at pressure sites. Due to a sterile inflammatory process in the PDL space, a flow rate of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is increased and its composition is modified. Various cell-signaling pathways are activated, which ultimately stimulate PDL turnover. Biochemical and cellular processes associated with orthodontic tooth movement may be better understood if we study changes of specific biomarkers in GCF during orthodontic therapy. Such information can be used clinically to choose a proper mechanical loading, to improve and to shorten a period of treatment, and to avoid root resorption.
